Technique SW Projects, Tools and Applications Topic requires or is enhanced by some other topic Topics used in tasks, for eg. Annotation is used in Semantic Web Portals http://www.bigblogzoo.com/ The BigBlogZoo is a rich source of current categorized information from all over the world. BigBlogZoo Hierarchical Semi-Markov Decision Processes Dynamic Web process composition Neural Networks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networks Knowledge Representation KR library classification OWL http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/ OWL is an acronym for Web Ontology Language, a markup language for publishing and sharing data using ontologies on the Internet. OWL is a vocabulary extension of the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and is derived from the DAML+OIL Web Ontology Language. Together with RDF and other components, these tools make up the Semantic Web project. Web Ontology Language http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_answering heuristic question answering The Knowledge Machine KM KM - The Knowledge Machine http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mfkb/km.html KM, the Knowledge Machine, is a frame-based language used for knowledge representation work. http://www.cyc.com/cycdoc/ref/cycl-syntax.html CycL is a declarative language used by Doug Lenat's Cyc Artificial Intelligence project. Ramanathan V. Guha was instrumental in the design of the language. There is a close variant of CycL known as MELD. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL CycL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science Logic Logic programming Spatial reasoning Propositional Logic Logics The term Knowledge Representation (KR) is most commonly used to refer to representations intended for processing by modern computers, and particularly for representations consisting of explicit objects (the class of all elephants, or Clyde a certain individual), and of assertions or claims about them ('Clyde is an elephant', or 'all elephants are grey'). Representing knowledge in such explicit form enables computers to draw conclusions from knowledge already stored ('Clyde is grey'). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation Knowledge Discovery Knowledge Discovery is the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns such as association rules Discovering Complex Relationships in Semantic Web supports indexing and querying of complex semantic relationships and is driven by notions of information trust and provenance and models of hypotheses and arguments under investigation. Semantic Discovery http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/semdis/ SemDis http://ebiquity.umbc.edu/project/html/id/56/Semantic-Discovery-Discovering-Complex-Relationships-in-Semantic-Web KDD Complex relationships which capture connectivity and similarity of entities in a knowledge base Semantic Discovery Semantic associations information processing Artificial Intelligence AI BPEL4WS Business Process Execution Language for Web Services provides a means to formally specify business processes and interaction protocols. http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/specification/ws-bpel/ WS-BPEL Workflow management systems BPM is the science of composing, orchestrating, validating, monitoring and optimizing business processes. Websphere Process Server www.ibm.com/software/integration/wps/ commercial implementation by IBM and is a part of Websphere suite This an open source implementation of the WS-BPEL specification by Active End points. Active BPEL www.activebpel.org/ Business Process Management YAWL Yet Another Workflow Language Yet Another Workflow Language http://www.yawl.fit.qut.edu.au/ BPM SOA is a new paradigm in software engineering that emphasizes on a standard/specification driven towards realizing a loosely coupled distributed computing infrastructure. The SOA philosophy also is driven by interface and component driven approaches to software development. Service Oriented Architecture Open standard (XML, SOAP, etc.) based Web applications that interact with other web applications for the purpose of exchanging data. http://www.w3.org/2002/ws/ Web Service OWL-S OWL/S OWL-S is a OWL-based Web service ontology, which supplies Web service providers with a core set of markup language constructs for describing the properties and capabilities of their Web services in unambiguous, computer-intepretable form. Web Services http://www.wsmo.org/ WSMO Web Services Modeling Ontology The ESSI WSMO working group, part of the ESSI Cluster aligns the research and development efforts in the areas of Semantic Web Services between the SEKT, DIP Knowledge Web, and ASG research projects. http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/meteor-s/ Applying Semantics in Annotation, Quality of Service, Discovery, Composition, Execution METEOR-S http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language UML The Unified Modeling Language - UML - is OMG's most-used specification, and the way the world models not only application structure, behavior, and architecture, but also business process and data structure Unified Modeling Language Business Process modeling Business process modeling is an activity performed by business analysts within a company. Analysts use modeling tools to depict both the current state of an enterprise and the desired future state Web Services Composition Process Composition workflows http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workflow workflow OWL-S IDE OWL-S Intergrated Development Environment http://projects.semwebcentral.org/projects/owl-s-ide/ Semantic Web Process http://projects.semwebcentral.org/projects/owl-s-uddi-mm/ OWL-S UDDI Matchmaker Process Patterns Process composition focusses on various aspects of automated and semi-automated approaches to composing web processes or workflows on the web. Pattern Recognition Computer Vision Weka is a suite of machine learning software written in Java at the University of Waikato which implements several machine learning algorithms from various learning paradigms Weka http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/ Machine Learning statistical techniques statistics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics bioinformatics Data Mining is the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns. Text Mining GATE http://gate.ac.uk/ General Architecture for Text Engineering Natural Language Processing and Text engineering Java Data Mining Java Data Mining (JDM) is a standard Java API for developing data mining applications and tools. JDM defines an object model and Java API for data mining objects and processes. http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=247 Machine Learning Approaches Data Mining Semantic Enhancement Engine http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/lib/download/HSK02-SEE.pdf Information Extraction from structured data http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/middleware/ Project investigating fundamental issues in entity/relationship extraction, disambiguation (matching & mapping) and annotation. Semantic Middleware http://www.cs.toronto.edu/db/clio/introduction.html Schema mapping tool CLIO Matching grammar based Techniques Schema matching Data integration is the problem of combining data residing at different sources and providing the user with a unified view of these data Data Integration Transformations Generic schema matching CUPID research.microsoft.com/~philbe/CupidVLDB01.pdf The process of representing matches between objects in an executable manner Schema mapping Mapping Process Execution Ontology mapping The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative is an open forum engaged in the development of interoperable online metadata standards that support a broad range of purposes and business models. http://dublincore.org/ Dublin Core Metadata Dublin Core KIM http://www.ontotext.com/kim/semanticannotation.html KIM Platform for Semantic Annotation Knowledge and Information Management http://simile.mit.edu/ SIMILE is a joint project conducted by the W3C, MIT Libraries, and MIT CSAIL. SIMILE seeks to enhance inter-operability among digital assets, schemata/vocabularies/ontologies, metadata, and services. SIMILE Semantic Interoperability of Metadata and Information in unLike Environments Dublin Rosette Linguistics Platform http://www.basistech.com/products/ The WikiProject "Semantic MediaWiki" provides a common platform for discussing extensions of the MediaWiki software that allow for simple, machine-based processing of Wiki content. http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Semantic_MediaWiki Semantic MediaWiki Metadata Management Data Querying Query Planning BRAHMS BRAHMS is designed as a fast main-memory RDF/S storage, capable of storing, accessing and querying large ontologies. It does not used any DB backend and all data is kept in main memory. It is implemented in C++ for high performance and strict memory control. http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/semdis/brahms Query languages and models that support querying and retrieval of data. http://jena.sourceforge.net/ JENA Jena is a Java framework for building Semantic Web applications. It provides a programmatic environment for RDF, RDFS and OWL, SPARQL and includes a rule-based inference engine. SPARQL (recursively, SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is a Semantic Web candidate recommendation presently (as of 2006) undergoing standardization by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium. http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ SPARQL search applications Information retrieval (IR) is the art and science of searching for information in documents, searching for documents themselves, searching for metadata which describe documents, or searching within databases, whether relational stand-alone databases or hypertext networked databases such as the Internet or intranets, for text, sound, images or data. There is a common confusion, however, between data retrieval, document retrieval, information retrieval, and text retrieval, and each of these have their own bodies of literature, theory, praxis and technologies. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval IR Information Retrieval Data models for the efficient storage of data http://www.openrdf.org/ Sesame Sesame is an open source RDF database with support for RDF Schema inferencing and querying. Data Storage Redland RDF Application Framework http://librdf.org/ Redland is a set of free software libraries that provide support for the Resource Description Framework (RDF). RedLand RDF Graph Partitioning Graph Partitioning Data Indexing An index is a feature in a database that allows quick access to the rows in a table. The index is created using one or more columns of the table. Not only is the index smaller than the original table (due to having fewer columns), but it is optimized for quick searching, usually via a balanced tree. Joseki is an HTTP and SOAP engine supports the SPARQL Protocol and the SPARQL RDF Query language. http://www.joseki.org/ Joseki application integration Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) is defined as the uses of software and computer systems architectural principles to integrate a set of enterprise computer applications. Enterprise Application Integration Ontology Matching iMAP http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~anhai/projects/schema-matching.html schema and ontology matching Probabilistic techniques Ontology Maintenance Maintaining different versions of ontologies as they evolve with time, changing real world facts etc. Collection of data integration projects http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/~pziegler/IntegrationProjects.html Data Integration Projects OpenLink Virtuoso http://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/ WebSphere http://www-306.ibm.com/software/data/integration/ IBM WebSphere Information Integration IBM WebSphere Data Integration TSIMMIS The goal of the TSIMMIS Project is to develop tools that facilitate the rapid integration of heterogeneous information sources that may include both structured and semistructured data. The Stanford-IBM Manager of Multiple Information Sources. http://infolab.stanford.edu/tsimmis/ Information Integration Data integration is the problem of combining data residing at different sources and providing the user with a unified view of these data http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/garlic/ The goal of Garlic is to enable large-scale multimedia information systems: large scale in that they involve lots of data with multimedia taken as broadly as possible to mean data of many types. Garlic Graph based techniques Ontology alignment Matching is the process which takes two schemas as input and produces a mapping between elements of the two schemas that correspond semantically to each other Keyword based contexts context is the circumstances under which some information is being used Context Relationship based similarity Relationship based calculation of similarity between entities of interest Disambiguation Set Theory Similarity Entity Extraction http://data.cs.washington.edu/semex/reconciliation_sigmod.pdf Reference Reconciliation in Complex Information Spaces Clustering Clustering is a nonlinear activity that generates ideas, images and feelings around a stimulus word. As students cluster, their thoughts tumble out, enlarging their word bank for writing and often enabling them to see patterns in their ideas. Clustering may be a class or an individual activity. Information Theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory Reconciling multiple references to the same entity or identifying the correct reference to an entity Word Sense Disambiguation Semantic annotation is information about what entities appear in a text and where they do. The references from the text are potentially to a semantic repository, containing further knowledge. - KIM Seeker SemTag http://www.almaden.ibm.com/webfountain/resources/semtag.pdf SemTag and Seeker Enterprise Content Management Semantically Annotating NLP Natural Language Processing Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics. It studies the problems of automated generation and understanding of natural human languages. Natural language generation systems convert information from computer databases into normal-sounding human language, and natural language understanding systems convert samples of human language into more formal representations that are easier for computer programs to manipulate. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing Annotation Semantic Annotation stochastic stochastic techniques http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic Photo Sharing Website Flickr http://www.flickr.com/ Semantic Image Annotation Image Annotation PhotoStuff http://www.mindswap.org/2003/PhotoStuff/ An Image Annotation Tool for the Semantic Web Amblit Navigator is the next generation information and internet browser and content manager. With a simple, robust interface, notes, documents files and programs can be logically linked and fully searched. Amblit Amblit Navigator http://www.amblit.com/products/AmblitNavigator.html http://haystack.lcs.mit.edu/ Haystack The Haystack Project is investigating approaches designed to let people manage their information in ways that make the most sense to them. http://del.icio.us/ del.icio.us social bookmarking http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/semvis/ Semantic Visualization project provides a comprehensive visualization and interactive search and analytics interfaces for exploiting Semantic Web capabilities for all levels of systems architecture. Semantic Visualization AJAX Ajax is a Web development technique for creating interactive web applications. The intent is to make web pages feel more responsive by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes, so that the entire Web page does not have to be reloaded each time the user makes a change. This is meant to increase the Web page's interactivity, speed, and usability. Semantic Browsing NLP techniques Natural Language Processing techniques Semantic Web Portals Web Page Annotation Pattern based techniques Smart Browsing Knowledge Markup http://www.mindswap.org/2005/SMORE/ SMORE SMORE - Create OWL Markup for HTML Web Pages Ontology Based Markup Magpie - The Semantic Filter Magpie uses our ontology infrastructure to semantically markup web documents on-the-fly. http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/magpie/main.html Magpie http://sourceforge.net/projects/kml KML is a free initiative to implement Knowledge Markup Language and the framework. Advanced model is used to represent knowledge as a set of statements. Knowledge Markup Language KML Knowledge Markup in the Semantic Web Disambiguation In linguistics, coreference is the phenomenon where two expressions in an utterance both refer to the same thing. Coreference resolution Instance unification name disambiguation Integration of data sources Semantic Annotation Semantic Similarity Semantic similarity is a concept whereby a set of documents or terms within term lists are assigned a metric based on the likeness of their meaning / semantic content. Extraction Data stewardship is the process of managing information necessary to support program and financial managers, and ensuring that data captured and reported is accurate, accessible, timely, and usable for decisionmaking and activity monitoring. ODP Open Directory Project http://dmoz.org/about.html The Open Directory Project (ODP), also known as dmoz (from directory.mozilla.org, its original domain name), is a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links owned by Netscape that is constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. Knowledge Management (KM) refers to a range of practices to identify, create, represent, and distribute knowledge for reuse, awareness and learning across the organization. Semantic Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web The Semantic Web (http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/) is a project that intends to create a universal medium for information exchange by putting documents with computer-processable meaning (semantics) on the World Wide Web. Currently under the direction of the Web's creator, Tim Berners-Lee of the World Wide Web Consortium, the Semantic Web extends the Web through the use of standards, markup languages and related processing tools. FOAF The Friend of a Friend (FOAF) project is creating a Web of machine-readable pages describing people, the links between them and the things they create and do. http://www.foaf-project.org/ Friend of a Friend Social network analysis Social network analysis (also sometimes called network theory) has emerged as a key technique in modern sociology, anthropology, Social Psychology and organizational studies, as well as a popular topic of speculation and study. Online Social Networking http://memeta.umbc.edu/ Weblogs, or blogs, have become an important new way to publish information, engage in discussions and form communities. The memeta project is developing a framework for representing and studying the structure and content of communities of blogs. memeta Applications of Online Semantic Networks Link Analysis national security applications A folksonomy is a collaboratively generated, open-ended labeling system that enables Internet users to categorize content such as Web pages, online photographs, and Web links. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksonomy Folksonomy Tagging Tagging is the process of adding tags to resources. A tag is a (relevant) keyword or term associated with or assigned to a piece of information (like picture, article, or video clip), thus describing the item and enabling keyword-based classification of information it is applied to Social Networks Security Privacy Trust Ontology life cycle Ontology Evolution Ontology Quality Metadata management Certification Of Ontologies OntoQA http://webster.cs.uga.edu/~tartir/pubs/OntoQA.pdf The evaluation of ontologies based on their structure, evolution or intended use. Ontology Evaluation tool www.cs.man.ac.uk/~ocorcho/documents/AIAI2004_CorchoEtAl_Evaluation.pdf ODEval Evaluation-Guided Revision Of Ontologies Ontology Quality Evaluation Ontology Population Automatic Evaluation of Ontologies http://www-kasm.nii.ac.jp/~i2k/tmp/iswc2005/papers/3729/37290716.pdf AEON Ontology Evaluation Provenance http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/semdis/sweto/ SWETO Semantic Web Technology Evaluation Ontology (SWETO) comprehensive Proteomics data and process provenance ontology ProPreO http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/glycomics/propreo/ Information quality A social network is a social structure made of nodes which are generally individuals or organizations. It indicates the ways in which they are connected through various social famil